A certain part of these articles, as
well as reviews and critiques about Yiddish theatre,
he later published in an abbreviated form, in his
two-volume book, "Yiddish Theatre" (Bialystok, 1921,
A. Albeck Publishers, Vol. 1, 160 pages; Vol. 2, 126
pp.), in which one can see his great admiration for
Jacob Gordin, the playwright, his warm relationship
to Yiddish theatre, and to Yiddish actors, and the
difference of opinion with David Frishman, and with
the Yiddish intelligentsia, generally about the
attitude of the Jewish writer to the Yiddish
theatre. Prilutski here is the first to point to
Sholem Aleichem as a playwright. In this book for
the first time, there are published monographies and
evaluations of individual Yiddish actors and notices
about the history of Yiddish theatre in the Russian
Empire.
Dr. A. Mukdoni characterizes
Prilutski as a theatre critic:
"The permanent
theatre critic for my arrival in Warsaw (1909) was
Noah Prilutski. He began to write reviews in the
newspaper, "Der veg" (and "Der tog," 1905), which
was issued through the editing of his father, Tsevi
Prilutski. Noah Prilutski then was a young student.
He took up Yiddish theatre seriously, and by
himself he already was more a theatre critic for all
the random, review writers. In his reviews he
already was more a theatre critic than literature
critic. He
spoke already in his exceptional way about the
production, and about the actor; he was the first
who was permitted to write an entire article about
an actor, in which he wanted to portray an image of the
actor-artist, independent of the play in which he
acted.
However, there was no clear and
certain acceptance of the theatre art in his
reviews. It is often not clear to he himself what
kind of demands he had to place on the theatre in
general and each performance in particular. He
planted himself in the blurred directions of that
time. He already had a bit of knowledge: a capable
man -- whatever he sets his mind to, he gave
himself to it. He seized it nimbly.
A big
flaw in his theatre criticism was, in my opinion,
the too-homely, too kind-brotherly and benevolent tone. He was too great a teacher, too
great a supporter. He thought of himself as the
careful educator of the theatre. He was a trembling
mother who constantly spoke without a doubt. By the
way, he was too sentimental when the "literary
troupe" disbanded, She lived like a corpse: "She was
a part of my soul" -- he lamented, and so was the
tone of his theatre criticism. After all, he was the
first, more or less, genuine theatre critic. His
activity as a theatre critic was fruitful, mainly in
the newspaper, "Der veg." He threw himself into
theater criticism with youthful zeal and followed
the development of the Yiddish theatre in the
several years before its "renaissance," faithfully
and honestly.
... At the end of 1908 there
was no trace of the theatre renaissance. The sworn
optimist and friendliest theatre critic Noah
Prilutski was already writing very pessimistically
about the state of the Yiddish theatre; he ws
already complaining about a bitter crisis, about the
complete depravity of the repertoire and about the
boundless infidelity in the methods of performances.
... Gordin's passing (1909) happened like
thunder. It was a clear mood in the theatre crisis:
Finally, we must now take to the paper crowns and to
the wooden swords.... This mood has strengthened
Noah Prilutski with his articles about Gordin, that
all-powerful pauper. One after the other, they were
printed (Prilutski's) articles in "Unzer lebn,"
about the omnipotence of Gordin's talent, and about
this, that the Yiddish actor is an orphan forever."
M. Ites [Razumni] writes:
"Prilutski was one of the
first, if not the first, who interested himself in
Yiddish theatre and began to implement the reviews in
a European style. Many Yiddish actors have him to
thank for their development and ascension. He also
spoke about art and artists in essays and reviews."
In "Bikher-velt" (Warsaw, 1923, 3/4),
Prilutski referred with an abbreviated reprint, the
first booklet about Yiddish theatre, "Bmt iskhk
au gi-khziun" from G. Abramski (published in
1877 or 1878 in Romania and in an ikr-hmtsiaut).
Prilutski's societal, journalistic and Yiddish
research work (details about this can be found in
Zalmen Reisen's " Lexicon of Yiddish Literature and
Press," and in the necrology articles of Nachman
Mayzel and Yudl Mark) took him away from his
theatrical criticism. Nevertheless his warm interest
in Yiddish theatre remained. He participated with an
opportunity in the conference of the Yiddish
Artists' Union in Poland, and he was given the task
of creating a unified Yiddish stage dialect, about
which he published a long article in "Yiddish
Theatre" (Warsaw, 1927, Book II, pages 130-144).
In January 1936 Prilutski began to publish in
Warsaw's "Moment" his memoirs about Yiddish theatre.
During the outbreak of the Second World War, he
remained in Warsaw (where he had settled since
1910), later became a refugee, and when Vilna was taken by the Russian Army
in 1939, Prilutski took
over the direction of the "Yiddish Scientific
Institute (YIVO)," where he previously was one of
the most important activists. He also was a lecturer
for the Yiddish chairs in the universities of Vilna
and Kovno. Although a flit, that
his library, he did not miss the
opportunity from Abraham Goldfaden's hundredth
birthday, and he published in the almanac
"Untervegns" a large work
about Yiddish theatre, which he has published in a
separate publication under the name "Farvos iz dos
yidishe teater oyfgekumen azoy shpet?," Vilna
(Vilnius), 1940, 136 pages). This book consisted of
seven chapters. The first four chapters deal with
the promotion of theatre among the nations of the
world, and the last three chapters draw a parallel
between the history of Yiddish theatre and the
world theatre (the religious worship and the church
performances in comparison with the Jewish wedding
customs, dramatic elements in the Yiddish
literature, Purim customs, and "Purim-shpiel," until
the emergence of Goldfaden's theatre).
Prilutski is strongly divided with Dr. Shiper,who
maintains that the emergence of Yiddish theatre must
be seen in the "Purim-shpiel." Prilutski thinks the
"Purim-shpiel" as only random, unstable productions,
and the beginnings of Yiddish theatre was initially
in the foundation of Goldfaden's stage in 1876.
He builds his theses on the following two
reasons:
(1) "The most important dramatic
element in Jewish praying in public was, naturally,
the dialogue of the tefillot, pizmunim, piutim and
other componennts of rhythm. ... A very rich liturgy
(especially at the Sabbath and holidays), overfilled
with singing (cantor and choristers), and performed
in the most diverse ways (solos from a cantor,
eventually the choir will perform); The solo, but
with chanting (chattering) of all the worshipers;
antiphony; the same antiphony with a mixture of
chanting in some passages; division of the text
between cantor, priest and public; that is between
cantor, teacher and calls to the Aliyah,
etc.; complex ceremonies (during the reading of the
Torah, during the reciting of the priestly blessing, during the blowing
of the trumpet, during the beating of the Hoshanot,
during the Hakofot with the lulav and aravah, or with the
Sefer Torah), all this together (even without the
instrumental music, which is only allowed in the
shuls of some German cities) [also Galicia, on
Hanukkah -- Y.M.] already bears the character of a
dithyrambic-pathetic (in some parts), to triumphal
triumphs (in others), musical-dramatic material,
which with a quite simple means of a purely technical
nature, it would be common for him to turn into a
liturgical drama according to the communal pattern.
... But that didn't happen, and the Yiddish dramatic
art therefore lacked the cradle that the Western
European possesses. ... The main reason why the
possible further development of the dramatic
elements in our work did not take place... In the
Middle Ages, the Jewish community lacked the
authoritative power that would consider such an
evolution useful and desirable, and therefore, they
also wanted it to happen and be ready to help.
(2) It was (in liturgical worship) (by the
nations of the world, the songs of the people were
also incorporated; this element increased
quantitatively, and little by little the Latin texts
(on which the prayers used to take place) were
completely pushed out (nationalization of the
"liturgical drama"). ... ... In the synagogue
worship, Yiddish singing was never introduced; the
lively, the spoken language of the folk masses (in
Germany, Northern Italy, Peyem [?], Moravia and
Poland) did not push the Hebrews out of prayer. ...
If, however, it was necessary to come to an overflow
[?] to pray in public in a "liturgical drama" ...
would (the transition) not have been painted at all
without a change from Hebrew to Yiddish. ... As soon
as the Jews did not develop a theatre from a
religious cult (as in the Catholic nations), it was
no longer able to form directly from those dramatic
elements that had (always) lived in the Jewish
community masses, just like the surrounding
population. If Yiddish theatre was golden at a
certain moment, this could only have happened
according to a foreign model, which, by the way, had
to be unconditionally secular. ... The
"Purim-shpiel," with the performances, until the end
of the 18th century, they appear to us only as "a
theatre in episodes," if you can express yourself
that way, -- a chapter in the history of the Yiddish
stage art. ... Yiddish theatre, in fact, in the
broader sense of concept, arose only in the year
1876, and soon it was placed on a professional basis
to manage the existence of a permanent national
culure institution."
According to the
partisan Abraham Sutzkever, who survived in the
Soviet Union, the Nazis arrested Prilutski on 1
August 1941 and brought him to the Gestapo, and
people found him lying on a stone floor half-naked,
his shirt tied to his head,
soaked in blood. Later Prilutski was shot, along
with the other Jewish martyrs.
The news about
this brutal murder was reported in 1944, after the
liberation of Vilna, dergangen to the
world.
-- Z. Reisen -- "Lexicon of
Yiddish Literature," Vol. II, pages 954-966.
-- Elkhanan Zeitlin -- Notitsn, "Unzer ekspres,"
Warsaw, 22 August 1930.
-- M. Ites (Razumni)
-- Noakh Prilutski -- der visnshaftlekh, zhurnalist
un politiker, "Yiddishe bilder," Riga, 30 (114),
1939.
--Nachman Mayzel -- Noakh Prilutski,
"Yidishe kultur," N.Y., 1, 1945.
-- Yudl Mark
-- Noakh Prilutski -- Der kemfer un der farsher,
"Tsukunft," N.Y., February 1945.
|