Lives in the Yiddish Theatre
SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF THOSE INVOLVED IN THE Yiddish THEATRE
aS DESCRIBED IN zALMEN zYLBERCWEIG'S "lEXICON OF THE YIDDISH THEATRE"

1931-1969
 

Joseph Rumshinsky
 

Joseph Rumshinsky was born on 15 January 1881 [deceased on 6 February 1956] in Vilna [Vilnius], Lithuania. His father, Moyshe, was a fur hat maker. His uncle was a well-known preacher, Khayim Rumshisker. His mother, Tslove, was knowledgeable in the songs of Elyokem Tsunzer.

On the basis of a conversation with Rumshinsky, Zalmen Zylbercweig portrays his home this way:

"The work harmonized with singing. Shears and needles moved to the beat of a melody, and the melody was not always cheerful, merry. Often he expressed sorrow and concern for his livelihood, but a melody has always been heard. His father, R' Moshe, worked with his five to six companions and accompanied his labor-oriented movements with melodies. A cheerful, poor gentleman, R' Moshe always used to speak in a musical tone, in terms of a recitative. When the scissors used to be lost, if he was looking for the thimble, if he had to hand over a piece of clothing, he did not just say it out loud, but he sang it out."

 

 

In the story of his life, "Klangen fun may lebn (Sounds From My Life)," Rumshinsky writes of his musical origins:

“As life would follow its accustomed path, he [his father] would sing bits and excerpts [?] of  the ‘Pirkei,’ [Ethics of the Fathers in the Talmud] that he knew by heart. He would begin in Hebrew and then interpret it in Yiddish, and he would improvise the music for that in his own original style in his resounding, high-tenor little voice. Were conditions oppressive, such as a lack of income, or, heavens preserve us, illnesses, my father would sing chapters of the Psalms, actually singing them, not reciting. And again as before, he would begin in Hebrew and then interpret in mameloshn [mother tongue, Yiddish] in his own improvisation. And there would be almost a deathly stillness in the house. In the harmonies of the worker-apprentices, one’s heart would melt in sweetness and loneliness … And when my father would again have a good day at the market with the peasants to whom he sold his caps … then my father would be the soloist, [or] as it’s called in Russian, the zapyevale, that is, he begins and everyone follows. The happy little tunes would consist of semi-Russian, semi-Polish, mixed with Yiddish and Hebrew, and the labor would follow the rhythm and the feeling of the music. … And just as my father, my mother would express all of  her feelings by singing. …My father would sing for the workers at home, at his workshop, or sometimes ascend to the pulpit to intone an evening or a morning prayer and actually a minor Sabbath, as well …But my mother was quite a teacher of song, actually almost a professor, but not, may we be spared, for money. …But young wives, maidens, elder Jewesses would come to Tslove to have her sing with them and actually teach them the songs that would be heard at weddings, sung by the badkhonim [wandering minstrels].

I must attest that for all of the musical education that I received, and the entire musical literature that I later came to know well and to study, I must thank my parents for my compositional career because my hearty successes, all the melodies that embraced almost all Yiddish-speaking people, come through the influence of my father and mother.”

After learning in a cheder, R. came in contact with a professional singer, who soon brought him to Cantor Kahan. Here he also received his first lesson in music with Kahan's conductor, Isaak.

Already in 1889 he received the name, "Little Joseph, the Note-Devourer" and began his piano studies in Treskin's Music School in Vilna, then as an old-singer and quasi-conductor for Cantor [Abraham Moshe] Bernstein. Taken to Russia by the famous Cantor Rozumni, he toured from 1890 until 1894 with various cantors, and from time to time he also studied music and studied with various teachers. In Grodno he was first introduced to the Yiddish theatre, and he joined in the chorus of Kaminski's guest-starring troupe. Losing the "knob-voice," in 1896 he became a conductor for Cantor Rabinovich in Dvinsk, and in Vilna published his first composition: "Mizrakh-klangen" (Eastern Sounds), a waltz for piano, which soon thereafter was played by the municipal orchestra in the Vilna city garden.

In 1897 he was choirmaster in the Borisov Russian Opera and Operetta Troupe, but also he had the opportunity to study and produced "Bar Kokhba" and "The Sacrifice of Isaac" with Kaminski's troupe. He then toured with another Russian troupe to Elizabetgrad, where he was the choir conductor for his first cantor, Kahan, during the High Holy Days. Here he again became attracted to Kaminski's guest-starring Yiddish troupe and traveled with them as a conductor to Lodz, Poland. For a certain time Rumshinsky also conducted in Fiszon's troupe in Grodno. He went back to Lodz, where he helped found the then unique Jewish music society, "HaZamir," where he conducted until 1902, and he studied with them a series of Yiddish folk songs and oratorios by Hayden, Handel and Mendelssohn, as well as his own smaller compositions, and later there was also a number of popular singers. At the same time Rumshinsky studied music with the Polish musician Henryk Meltzer and took a course as a conductor in the Warsaw Conservatory.

Due to military conscription in 1903 he went away to London, England, where he studied music with Professor Proud and often attended concerts and operatic productions. here he was introduced to New Yorker Charles Tsunzer, a son of Elyokem Tsunzer, and under his supervision traveled with him in July 1904 to America, with the thought of dedicating himself to the Yiddish theatre. Not knowing, due to union conditions, how to approach the theatre, he became a piano teacher, composing a sad march about the Kishinev pogrom and some twenty or more larger and smaller compositions for piano, which were published in Goldberg's music publishing house in New York.

In 1905-6 he became the conductor for Jacob Silbert in the Hop Theatre in Boston, where he composed six musical numbers to Nakhum Rakow's play, "Der yidisher kean (The Yiddish Kean)" entitled "Amerikaner glikn," or, "American Happiness.") At that time he married the actress Sabina Lakser. (Their son is the composer and pianist, Murray Rumshinsky.)

In 1906-7 he returned to New York, where he continued not to come to the theatre. He took music lessons and composed music for piano, most of the time for piano studies, which then was strong and in style.

In 1907-8 he finally became conductor in Brooklyn's Lyric Theatre, where he wrote music for small plays.

In 1908-9 Rumshinsky conducted at the Windsor Theatre (Jacob P. Adler and Leopold Spachner, managers), where he wrote eighteen musical numbers for Reuben Weissman's historical operetta, "Zaraya," twenty numbers to B. Wilensky's operetta, "Nathan the Wise" (appeared on 1 January 1909), from which the compositions of the song, "Weyiten l'cho (And It Shall Be Given Unto You)," became exceptionally popular (later published anonymously as a folk song), five numbers to Nathan Birnbaum's play, "Far di elterns zind (For the Parents' Sin)" (19 February 1909), twenty numbers for Bernard Wilensky's adaptation of Shomer's operetta, "A yidish kind (A Jewish Child)" (from which the composition, "Mir veln, mir veln tantsn (We Will, We Will Dance)," and later included two folk melodies, and the music to Gordin's "Elisha ben abuyah." Due to this, the musicians' union did not permit Adler from hiring Rumshinsky as conductor and composer, and Adler then went over to the Grand Theatre, where he could play.

About this, Sholem Perlmutter writes:

" ...When Rumshinsky arrived in America (in 1904), he was regarded in the [Jewish] musical world as an ‘alien’ seeking to join ‘us’ by force. The former Musicians’ Club which, at the time, ruled over the Yiddish theatre with an iron fist, accepted Rumshinsky as an uninvited guest, a step-child, and placed every difficulty before him in his path, not allowing him to move. The only person who took him seriously was Jacob P. Adler, who felt instinctively that Rumshinsky contains in himself something original of which the Yiddish theatre was so desperately in need. Thanks to Jacob P. Adler, who conducted a major battle for his recognition, Rumshinsky received the opportunity to demonstrate his musical knowledge and abilities that later enriched and beautified the Yiddish stage, creating a new form for the Yiddish operetta.”

From 1909-1910 he toured with Adler as conductor across the American province. He also played for several weeks in Philadelphia's Standard Theatre, and on Sundays in the New York Academy of Music. Here he composed five numbers for Libin's drama, "Got's Shtrof (God's Punishment)," for which to (also with Rumshinsky's lyrics) -- "Gute nakht, shlof mayn kind (Good Night, Sleep My Child)" (sung by Sara Adler), and "Bay di tnoyim aza simkha, aza gedula," became very popular, and the last song after a time often was played at family simkhas (joyous events) and marriages, and was regarded as a folks-motif.

From 1910-12 he was a composer and conductor in Adler's Thalia Theatre, where he wrote in the first season, twenty numbers for Dr. Schnitzer's operetta, "Neyrtomed (Eternal Light)," the music to Anshel Schorr's play, "Vayber (Wives)," Z. Libin's play, "Der yom-hadin (The Day of Judgment)," Jacob Gordin's play, "Di mume fun varshe (The Aunt From Warsaw)," fifteen numbers to Anshel Schorr's musical comedy, "Dos meydl fun der vest (The Girl From the West)" (known in Europe under the name, "Di amerikanerin (The American)," in which "Oy vey, mameynu (Oh My, Mother)" was the first mother song, and "Kheyshek (Desire)," the first chansonnet song on the Yiddish stage. Here there was also staged and played for eighteen weeks Gordin's "Elisha ben abuyah," with Rumshinsky's music. In the second season he wrote sixteen numbers for Anshel Schorr's operetta, "Shir hashirim (Song of Songs),"  (in which for the first time on the Yiddish stage there was performed a leit-motif in the music), and the music for the song, "Fun keyver biz tsum gruv (From Tomb to Grave)" (was very often sung by the folksingers and cantors), twelve numbers to Anshel Schorr's music. The Comedy "Borg mir zayn vayb (Lend Me Your Wife)" and twelve illustrated musical numbers to Leo Tolstoy's "Der lebediker mes (The Living Corpse)."

The author Anshel Schorr writes:

" ... As the only one of the Yiddish playwrights who can pridefully assert that he has more plays using Rumshinsky’s music than any other writer … I now wish to speak of Rumshinsky the theatrical person, Rumshinsky the director. More than once, while standing with his baton in the orchestra pit during a general rehearsal, he would alter the action onstage and direct several scenes quite differently — and well-directed. “ … Were Rumshinsky not to have been a musician, he would have occupied an honored place in the Yiddish theatre as an operetta-director.”

Boaz Young tells that at the offering (with Clara Young) of Schorr-Rumshinsky's operetta, "The American" ('The Girl of the West") in Warsaw, "Rumshinsky's music had such success that not only Jews sang it, but also Poles. They sung the music in every cabaret."

From 1912-1913 he was the composer and conductor in the Novelty Theatre (managers: Sara Adler, Michael Mintz), where he wrote four musical numbers for B. Gorin's comedy, "A baron oyf a tog (A Baron For a Day)," fifteen musical numbers for N. Rakow's music, the comedy, "Chantshe in America" (with Bessie Thomashefsky); here for the first time introduced Yiddish music into American rhythm), and twelve numbers for Anshel Schorr's operetta, "Dos zise meydl (My Sweet Girl)," played in Newark, and in 1921 through Molly Picon in Europe.

From 1913-1914 he composed and directed in the Royal Theatre (manager: Malvina Lobel), where he wrote six numbers for Moshe Schorr's melodrama, "Di fremde foygl (Strange Birds)," four numbers for B. Botwinick's drama, "Beylke maronetke (Bella the Marionette)," eight numbers to Mark Arnshtayn's play, "Di yidishe tokhter (The Jewish Daughter)," five numbers to Moshe Richter's drama, "Tsu shpet (Too Late)," and the music to Gisner's play, "Gelt (Money)," and Solotorefsky's "Brider (Brothers)."

1914-16 -- Composer and conductor in the People's Theatre (manager: Joseph Edelstein), where he wrote eight musical numbers for A. Buckstein's drama, "Geter (Gods)," eight numbers for Louie Miller's "Der moser (The Informer" (from which the song "Nokh tsion," was sung by Lazar Freed, which was later became an anonymous Zionistic song), twelve numbers for N. Rakow's music. A comedy, "Di vayberishe melukhe (The Kingdom of Women)," three numbers for I. Solotorefsky's melodrama, "Lebedige yesoymim (Living Orphans)," six numbers to Rakow's melodrama, "Farbotene frukht (Forbidden Fruit)," and in the second season -- four musical numbers for Solotorefsky's  melodrama, "Prayz fun libe (Price of Love)," four numbers to Moshe Richter's drama, "Fardakht (Suspicion)," and twelve numbers for Max Gabel's musical play, "A meydls nekome (A Girls Revenge)," as well as the music to Moshe Schorr's "Tsurik in der heym (Back at Home)," and Anshel Schorr's "A moyd mit seykhl (A Girl With Sense).

1916-1919 -- composer and conductor in the National Theatre (manager Boris Thomashefsky), where during the first season he wrote twenty-two numbers for Thomashefsky's operetta, "Dos tsebrokhene fidele (The Broken Violin." This was the firs time when they performed a special ballet on the Yiddish stage, with an orchestra of twenty-four musicians, and on the advertisements and in the announcements the name of the composer was mentioned as the main creator of the operetta. From this operetta the songs remaining especially popular were: "Ikh breng eykh a grus fund der heym (I Bring Greetings From the Home)" (sung by David Medoff).

The offering evoked a discussion between the composer and the editor of the "Forward," Ab. Cahan.

In the same season Rumshinsky wrote twelve musical numbers for Z. Kornblit's comedy, "Uptown and Downtown," from which a very genuine American couplet, "Fifty-Fifty," was perf0rmed (sung by Sam Kasten).

In the second season [1917-1918] Rumshinsky wrote twenty music numbers for Thomashefsky's operetta, "Mazl tov," for which there was popular the song "Moshiakh iz gekumen (The Messiah is Coming)" (sung by Kalmen Juvelier, later taken into the European offering of "Yankele," twelve songs for H. Kalmanowitz's musical comedy, "Upstairs and Downstairs," fifteen numbers for Thomashefsky's operetta, "Di khazante (The Cantoress)," which was played with great success (It is was also staged in English on 10 September 1931, also with the given musical numbers.)  From "Di khazante," especially popular were "Der kidush (The Kiddush)" (sung by Regina Prager), "Respect Your Father and Mother" (sung by Regina Prager and Kalmen Juvelier), and "Sh'ma Yisroel (Hear, O Israel)." In that season Rumshinsky also wrote numbers for Miller's melodrama, "Milkhome kales (War Brides)," and music for an adaptation of "Hoplia."

In the third season [1918-1919], Rumshinsky wrote eighteen numbers for Thomashefsky's operetta, "Di lustike yidelekh (The Jolly Hebrews)," fourteen numbers for Anshel Schorr's singing piece, "Nokh der milkhome (After the War)," and twenty numbers for Thomashefsky's folk operetta, "Das alte lidele (An Old-Fashioned Melody)," built on the old Yiddish folk melodies, and arranged the Ukrainian music for Jacob Gordin's "Vilde kozakn, oder, Yidn un Heydamakn (Wild Cossacks, or, Jews and Heydamakn?)."

In 1919-1920 he was the composer and conductor in Kessler's Second Avenue Theatre (manager: Joseph Edelstein), where he wrote in the first season four numbers for Libin's drama, "Dem shnayders tekhter (The Tailor's Daughters," and the music to Gershom Bader's operetta, "Dem rebins nigun (The Rabbi's Melody)" (25 September 1919), which also became popular with non-Jewish theatre attendees. This song, "Ikh benk aheym (I Long For Home" (sung by Ludwig Satz), recorded by Satz and Seymour Rechtzeit), became one of the most popular in Jewish America, and later across the Jewish world.

The author of "The Rabbi's Melody," Gershom Bader, tells what Rumshinsky had said to him:

" ... I want a play from you of the true Hasidic life." -- and when Bader told him two Hasidic stories, he felt that the music ....

Boaz Young tells that Gershom Bader's play, "The Rabbi's Melody" was not sent to him in Moscow, with Rumshinsky's music, but he had, under the conditions of Soviet Russia, did not put on the play as it was written, but it had to be adapted, and it appeared under the name, "Sha, der rebbe fort," and "with the adaptation I have not been able to use Rumshinsky's wonderful music, and Illya Trilling created entirely new music for the play."

In 1920-21 Rumshinsky wrote twenty musical numbers for Isidore Lillian's play, "Dos shtifkind fun der velt (The Stepchild of the World) (20 September 1920), five numbers for Anshel Schorr's "A shvesters opfer (A Sister's Sacrifice)," twenty numbers for Michael Goldberg's operetta, "Der bobes yerushe (Grandma's Inheritance)," four numbers for William Siegel's melodrama, "Dos khupe kleyd (The Wedding Gown)," and fifteen numbers for N. Rakow's comedy, "Hot khasene (Get Married!)."

In 1921 Rumshinsky visited Europe and brought back from there to the American Yiddish stage the soubrette Matilda St. Claire.

During that season (1921-22) he wrote fifteen numbers for William Siegel's operetta, "Shmendrik oyf brodvay (Shmendrik on Broadway)," twenty numbers for Lillian's operetta, "Der rebbe hot geheysn freylekh zayn (The Rabbi Has Bidden Us to Be Merry)" (with Regina Prager and St. Claire), twelve numbers for Israel Rosenberg's play, "Berele tremp (Berele the Tramp)" (with Bessie Thomashefsky), and "A bintl briv," and twenty numbers for the operetta, "Der rebbetzin's tokhter (The Rebbetzin's daughter)," an adaptation from the operetta, "A yidish kind (A Jewish Child)."

In the 1922-23 season he wrote eighteen numbers for the Hasidic operetta, "Kluge froyn (Wise Women)" (adapted from Professor Hurwitz's "Khokhemes neshim (Wise Women)," four numbers for Freiman's melodrama, "Shtarker fun libe (Stronger Than Love)" (with Jennie Valiere), from which the romance, "Libes-shmertsn (Pangs of Love)"  was very popular, twenty numbers of music for Freiman's operetta, "Di goldene kale (The Golden Bride)," and also performed with Berta Kalich in the title role a new musical adaptation of Goldfaden's "Shulamis," for the benefit of his home city, Vilna.

Ephim Jeshurin writes about this:

" ... Rumshinsky, being isolated from Vilna, always maintained his friendship with it. ... Thanks to the efforts of Rumshinsky, thanks to the plan of Rumshinsky, there were .... collected hundreds of thousands of dollars to alleviate the suffering of the poor Jewish masses in Vilna. Every undertaking for the Vilna Relief Committee that was organized by Rumshinsky, had the greatest success."

Also a second Vilna restaurant in New York, Max Golding, writes:

" ... Joseph Rumshinsky was one of the first who came to help the Vilna Jews. ... He resurrected and staged Goldfaden's historic operetta, 'Bar Kokhba,' 'Shulamis,' and "Shmendrik.' He directed other undertakings that brought in rich sums of money. He was not at all tired, working, creating, helping his Vilna in her greater need."

In the following seasons R. wrote for Kessler's Second Avenue Theatre; 1923-24 -- fifteen musical numbers for William Siegel's comedy, "Di amerikaner rebbetzin (The American Rebbetzin)," four numbers for I. Solotorefsky's melodrama, "A mames opfer (A Mother's Sacrifice)," fifteen numbers for Jacob Kalich's  musical story, "Yankele" (with Molly Picon), from which the song, "Yankele" became very popular, and eighteen numbers for L. Freiman's and S.H. Cohen's operetta, "Tsipke," (with Molly Picon), from which the song, "Tsipke," and the love duet, "A bisl libe, a bisl glik (A Little Love, A Little Happiness)," became very popular.

In 1924-25 -- twenty musical numbers for "Shmendrik's khasene (Shmendrik's Wedding)" (Jacob Kalich's montage of Goldfaden's type and lyrics, and from Shomer's "Homen der tsveyter (Haman the Second)," and eighteen numbers to Joseph Latayner's operetta, "Dos tsigayner meydl (The Gypsy Girl)," from which the romantic song, "Oh, tsigayner meydl mayns (Oh, My Gypsy Girl)" was especially popular; and in 1925-26 -- four numbers for Simon Wolf's and L. Freiman's  melodrama, "In mitn veg (Midway)," fifteen numbers for Anshel Schorr's operetta, "Moli doli (Molly Dolly)," from which remained popular, "Vos zol ikh ton, az ikh hob im lib" (sung by Molly Picon), and "Ch'vil a meydl vi mayn mame iz geven," fourteen numbers for N. Rakow's operetta, "Katinka," with the popular leit-motive, "Ch'ken fargesn yedn eynem, nor nit on dir" (sung by Molly Picon), and this soldier song, "Marsh-marsh (March, March)" (sung by Willie Schwartz).

On 21 February 1926 Rumshinsky conducted in New York at the Mecca Temple a concert for two hundred cantors, for whom he performed his cantata, "Oz Joshir" (for a man's chorus, solos: bass, tenor and baritone, and orchestra), and a fantasy for orchestra, "Der vider-kol fun templ" (symphonic poem according to nusakhs for praying). In August 1926 in the same concert repeated for twenty-thousand listeners in Coney Island Stadium.

For the 1926-27 season Rumshinsky took over the management of Kessler's Second Avenue Theatre, partnering with Jacob Kalich, Willie Pasternak, Max Seiger, and Nathan Parnes, and he wrote fifteen musical numbers for A. Nager's operetta, "Der kleyner mazik (The Little Devil)," twelve numbers for Meyer Schwartz's "Mamele (Little Mother)," for which the songs, "Oyb s'iz geven gut far mayn mamen, iz es gut far mir (If It is Good For My Mother, It is Good for Me)" (sung by Molly Picon, later recorded by Lucy Levin), and twenty numbers in old Russian music character to M. Osherowitch's operetta, "Tsarevitsh fyodor (The Little Czar)."

The author M. Osherowitch writes:

" ... In the Yiddish theatre Rumshinsky is not only a composer and a conductor but, as well, an innovator; he, himself, has ideas, theatrical ideas, and when he happens upon a good theatrical concept he seeks out the appropriate author to write the libretto. There were several such cases in his career. And in this connection it would perhaps not be undue to mention 'Dem rebin’s nign' (The Rabbi’s Melody) and 'Tsarevitsh fiyodor' (Tsar Fiyodor).”

Rumshinsky remained for four years as co-manager, composer and conductor in Kessler's Second Avenue Theatre, and he wrote during the 1927-28 season -- eighteen musical numbers for Chona Gottesfeld's singing play, "Reyzele," in which there became popular, "S'felt mir di rozhinkes (I Like the Raisins)" (sung by Molly Picon), fifteen numbers for H. Kalmanowitz's folk operetta, "Oy iz dos a meydl (Some Girl)," with a very popular leit-motif, "Oy, iz dos a meydl," and fifteen numbers for Joseph Latayner's operetta, "Mazl brokhe."

1928-29 --  sixteen numbers to "Dos tsirkus meydl (The Circus Girl)," by the Shomer Sisters, with the popular songs, "Mir zol zayn far dir" (sung by Molly Picon), and "Men ken lebn, nor men lozt nit" (sung by Sam Kasten), fourteen numbers to Sheine Rokhl Simkoff's comedy, "Helo, moli (Hello, Molly)," and eighteen songs to Jacob Kalich's revue, "Second Avenue Follies."

1929-30 -- Fourteen numbers for L. Freiman's operetta, "Dos radio meydl (The Radio Girl)," from which there was especially popular "Es tsit, es brit" (sung by Molly Picon), fourteen numbers to William Siegel's operetta, "Dos freylekhe yesoymele (The Jolly Orphan)," and fifteen numbers to Siegel's "Di komediantke (The Comedian), with the popular duet, "Du bizt mayn glik, mayn eyn un eyntsik (You Are My Happiness, My One and Only)" (sung by Molly Picon and Muni Serebrov.)

On 27 January 1929, Rumshinsky directed "Shulamis" on the Yiddish radio in New York, with Ts.H. Rubinstein as the commentator.

In 1930-31 Rumshinsky went over to the Folks Theatre with Molly Picon and Jacob Kalich, where he wrote sixteen numbers to Harry Kalmanowitz's and Jacob Kalich's operetta, "Dos meydl fun amol (The Girl From Yesterday)," from which there became very popular, "Emese libe (True Love)" (sung by Molly Picon and Leon Gold), and "Der gilgl fun a nigun (The Transformation of a Melody?)," (sung and recorded by Molly Picon), twelve musical numbers to "Ganevishe libe (Love Thief)" by Benjamin Ressler, with the very popular song, "In mayne oygn bistu sheyn (In My Eyes You Are Beautiful)" (sung by Molly Picon).

On 1 February 1931 in the Mecca Temple there took place the second great cantorial concert under the leadership of Rumshinsky, where there was performed his new compositions, "Shma Koleinu (Hear Our Voice)" (male chorus, orchestra and solos), "Min Hameitzer (From the Straits)" (according to Pitse Abrams, written for a men's chorus, tenor- and baritone-solos and orchestra), and "Al Tira (Have No Fear)" (according to Sh. Alman, written for a male chorus, tenor- and solo-orchestra).

About Rumshinsky, the composer of liturgical music, the composer Jacob Rappoport, then the president of the Cantor's Union:

" ... Analyzing [prior to the performance] the two compositions ['Az yishir,' 'Yishmakh moyshe' — 'Then Direct,' 'Moses Rejoices'] on the piano, it became quite clear to the Music Committee, among which are found the greatest theoreticians, that we are dealing here with a first-class, God-blessed musician. … All of us came to the next rehearsals with great desire to learn something from him. His every remark, his every shading, his tone-illustrations, how a certain note or a whole phrase was sung, and how in fact it should have been sung were often received with the greatest applause. We not only admired him as a talented conductor, but we also recognized him as a teacher and a professional who knows what he wants to achieve. In him we found a combination of composer, conductor, pedagogue and interpreter gathered together in the mind of an ish khokhem v’nivun — [man of wisdom and prophecy].”

On 9 April 1931 Rumshinsky celebrated his fiftieth birthday with a large concert of his liturgical and theatre compositions, in which there participated almost the entire Yiddish theatre profession, and the entire cantors' union, and with a banquet after the concert. For his birthday there also was published the "Rumshinsky Book" (128 pages, quarter-size), edited by M. Osherowitch, Ts.H. Rubinstein, Z. Zylbercweig (actual editor), William Edlin, Ch. Ehrenreich, J. Kirschenbaum, and Sh. Perlmutter as secretary of the editorial collegium.

In the "Rumshinsky Book" there is included articles by Zalmen Zylbercweig, Zalmen Reisen, Ab. Cahan, Dr. A. Mukdoni, Reuben Guskin, Jacob Kalich, B. Vladek, Ts.H. Rubinstein, M. Osherowitch, Maurice Schwartz, Dr. Jacob Shatzky, Jacob Kirschenbaum, Jacob Rapport, Sholem Perlmutter, B. Botwinick, Gershom Bader, Chaim Ehrenreich, Anshel Schorr, Boris Thomashefsky, Sholom Secunda, Ephim Jeshurin, L. Mlotek, Max Golding, M.A. and Z.Z., English articles by Isaac Goldberg, Nathan J. Ferber, Edwin Franco Goldman, and Dr. Sh. Irving, several writings by Joseph Rumshinsky and welcomes.

In the evaluations of Rumshinsky's activities, it was brought out by Ab. Cahan the following characterization:

" ... In the history of our theatre ... there arrived a new, great name, a name of a highly important personality, whose artistic activity was not connected with the stage, but with a composer's deck, and a conductor's stool. This is the name of Joseph Rumshinsky. When they call out the name of Goldfaden, Jacob Gordin, Mogulesco, Adler, Kessler, they must also mention the name of Joseph Rumshinsky. Thus it will be written in the historic register of the Yiddish theatre. Rumshinsky's music, Rumshinsky's music, his originals, his own things, and those he adapted from the musical world literature to the Yiddish stage, were imbued with talent and with the Yiddish soul ... that Rumshinsky is a man with a born talent, that one can see, not only from his work as a musician, but also from the things that he creates as a writer. He has a unique humor, with a unique power of imagination."

Dr. A. Mukdoni writes:

" ... The singular theatre musician who through and through was professional with us, is Joseph Rumshinsky. ... When I hear and see one of Rumshinsky's operettas, I see a professional musician and a professional conductor. Besides him sings the chorus, the orchestra plays, and the singers sing in a strong harmony. ... He always had the audience in mind, but does not lower himself down to them. He always captures the audience, but with honest and fine musical means. He criticizes the musical weakness of the Jewish audience, on popularity and on other similar Jewish customs, but he can refine, sharpen and deepen it. ... His music gives movement, it gives images, plastic images. It portrays sharply theatrical dramatic conflicts, sharp comic clashes."

Dr. Jacob Shatzky:

" ... His work in the direction of anti-Jewish operetta is an 'anti-Semitism', which deserves to be praised. ... already the fact itself that he attracted librettist Yiddish writers (Gottesfeld, Osherowitch, Ressler et al.), shows ... that he has the best of intentions to create a pure operetta in the Yiddish language. ... Rumshinsky is even big city, when he illustrates a 'small-town' operetta. He has a volume, color, loves orchestral complexity, operates with a rich, musical baggage. How much he is original in the music should be judged by the audience. That he is interested in performing a musical illustration to an opera, --- this can be judged by anyone who has a sense of music."

M. Osherowitz:

" ... 'Music by Rumshinsky' has become virtually a kind of popular expression. ... In Europe, sometimes they put into the advertisements, 'Music by Rumshinsky,' even at such operettas to which Rumshinsky did not write the music at all.

... Rumshinsky was successful in the Yiddish theatre in America as a musician, even when the serious drama was more respectable than the operetta -- in the time of Jacob Gordin. As to several, serious dramas, he wrote for them then what they called 'incidental music,' and some of these melodies are also currently popular with people; they are sung to accompaniment, they play them at concerts, in the Jewish quarters, monkey grinders drag them into the streets. ... They are listed on folk music, as is the case with his melody from 'Uitn lkh mtl hsmim (And Will Give You the Dew of Heaven).'

... When the operetta began to take over the top on the Yiddish stage in America, Rumshinsky's success became only greater than before. Here he found a wide field for his creation, and he began to compete with composers, and very often ... the composer was completely obscured."

Maurice Schwartz:

" ... He can autopsy the theatre and and can tell accurately how to measure not only the heart and innards, but every single cell. …The public sings Rumshinsky’s motifs because he does not stray. He is not ashamed to say that he writes for the crowd. … Rumshinsky would’ve also been a good actor, a good director and even a good dancer. All of these elements are felt in his creations because a hidden strength vibrates in them, allowing the player and the singer to feel the pulse of life. … He is for them a magician, he hypnotizes and doesn’t work at it too hard …”

Ts.H. Rubinstein writes:

" ... Every sound of his is soaked in Jewishness, and even the detached Litvak [Lithuanian Jew] in him could not defeat and will never defeat the Jewish sentiment in him and its soulfulness. … I love his sagacity, his sharpness of mind, his native intelligence, his wise heresy. … A light-hearted, winged ‘bohemian,’ who can get drunk on the beauty of a lovely word or a divine gesture.”

Jacob Kirschenbaum:

" ... The musical trade is for him a holy labor. He approaches his conducting and composing most earnestly. …Singing, he raised the Yiddish theatre to become a modern institution.”

Berl Botwinick:

" ... Mostly, the lyrics of Yiddish theatre tunes are repulsive. When one sings Rumshinsky’s tunes the words don’t matter. No words are needed for his melodies. The tune itself reveals all. When Rumshinsky creates a melody it already contains the meaning in the tiniest wrinkle of the nign [tune, melody]. … Were Rumshinsky not a theatre person he would certainly have been a successful teller of tales, a writer. … I believe that since Abraham Goldfaden, there has not been such a generally popular personality, such a breadth of influence over the spirit of the Yiddish theatre as Joseph Rumshinsky.”

And his co-worker of many years, Jacob Kalich, expresses himself:

" ... When Rumshinsky starts to write a composition, he doesn’t just take the a-b-c of the text, but he dissolves himself harmonically in his entirety. He becomes not only the composer but he also becomes the author, the director, the set designer; he knows the beginning and he knows the end. He feels the content and he sees the object. And that is why he produces ‘complete’ compositions.”

The Jewish-American conductor, Dr. E. Franco Goldman:

" ... Joseph Rumshinsky may be called the second Victor Herbert since he was apparently awarded the same gift that made Herbert such an unusual figure in the musical world. … I attended many of his appearances, and I am a great admirer of his work.”

Dr. Sh. Irving:

" ... That which [Jerome] Kern did for the American operetta, J. Rumshinsky accomplished in the Yiddish operetta. … His music is inspired by the lyrical naïveté of a Schubert. It is melodic, singable and harmonic.”

The critic N. J. Ferber:

" ... Rumshinsky did not always arise above the materialism of his time. Essentially an artist, he nevertheless clearly understands the decadent taste of his theatre audience and he quite consciously surrendered to that taste, but when he rebelled against it and pursued his own path, he always honorably freed himself of it [the former]."

Reuben Guskin, the manager of the Yiddish Actors' Union, who had dealings with Rumshinsky, writes:

" ... Rumshinsky is one of those artists who are masters of their craft and, simultaneously, living persons whose every sense is tied to their environment. They know what is going on around themselves. Rumshinsky is a true ‘showman,’ one of the best in the Yiddish theatre. … He does not descend to unsuitable means that would dishonor his talent. However, he always and forever keeps the audience in mind. … He beautified the Yiddish operetta, gentrified it, made it universal. Yet, he did not drag it into the clouds; still, he did not drive off the theatre-masses. … For this, his name will live as long as the Yiddish stage, as long as Yiddish actors will play and sing for Jewish theatre-goers.”

And Zalmen Zylbercweig describes him thus:

" ... With an iron hand he atrophies the old, no longer circulating blood on the Yiddish stage and introduces young, fresh, pulsating blood. Scores of young girls and boys are led by him out of the choirs and are raised as young fans, prima donnas, soubrettes and comic buffoons. … He even becomes Prof. Voronov of the Methusalian choir. He liberates the entire ‘land storm’ and leads their young daughters into the choir. … In the course of the eight years (the Rumshinsky-Molly Picon-Jacob Kalich period) in which Rumshinsky operettas, by their hearty, encyclopedic music — with their conflating Jewishness with worldliness, Europe and America; the pious, genteel, dreamy with the liberated, wanton and unbound — stemmed the flight of the Yiddish theatre public. Some hundreds of melodies that pounded as hammers into Jewish homes in America, not allowing the the leaking Yiddish beaker to run out.”

Chaim Ehrenreich characterizes Rumshinsky as a person in this manner:

" ... Joseph Rumshinsky is mainly a person of emotion. …For a friend Rumshinsky is prepared to ‘go into fire and water.’…Should, however, the same friend express friendliness about someone whom Rumshinsky finds unpleasant, Rumshinsky will suspect him of all that is evil. As every artist, Rumshinsky possesses much femininity in his character. He is highly sensitive and can be highly sentimental. He is as naïve as a woman. He loves compliments, as a bee loves honey. …It is a pleasure to spend time with Rumshinsky. He is always new in his conversation. His comparisons are so on point that a single word of his shows you a total situation in a wholly new light.”

Wolf Mercur, in his “Mercuriousities,” plays thus on the Rumshinsky-strings:

" ... Rumshinsky is not only a product of the Yiddish theatre, he is its expression; he himself creates the expression. …Rumshinsky created and recreated his original folkish compositions and some of them reached back to the root, becoming folkish. …Under his musical sounds and hands many singers arose as stars or were extinguished as candles. …Rumshinsky wrote for his period and according to the demands of his circles. The classicists did so for crowned heads and patrons; Rumshinsky did it for the Yiddish theatre audience. …Many of his liturgical compositions penetrate and trill into the hearts of the prayerful without naming their creator. …In the style of prayers, of the Torah-reading tunes, of the priestly benedictions and other traditional and religious sounds, he created his new Jewish-liturgical motifs in which every limb sings, in which floats the Jewish soul, the sorrow of Job, the passion of the Song of Songs, the sobbing of Lamentations, the tragedy of the Exile and the joy of Rejoicing in the Law.”

After his birthday jubilee, for which the "Forward" dedicated a special page on 7 April 1931 [date should be 27 April 1931], the direction of the "Second Avenue Theatre" split up, and Rumshinsky took over the direction of the theatre.

The 1931-32 season [at the Second Avenue Theatre] opened up with Ola Lilith and Willy Godik in "Dos meydl fun varshe (The Girl From Warsaw)," by Menakhem Bareysha and Benjamin Ressler, with his music, from which the number, "Varshe (Warsaw)" (sung by Ola Lilith) is a great success and was published by the "Metro Music Company."

On 24 December 1931 there was staged in the Second Avenue Theatre with Ola Lilith, Chona Gottesfeld's "Plezhur (Pleasure)," a musical comedy in two acts and five scenes, with Rumshinsky's music.

On 30 August 1932 there appeared in the Second Avenue Theatre for the Forward, within the "Vakeyshon folis (Vacation Follies)," Lillian's "Shulamis fun montoselo (Shulamis From Monticello)," with Rumshinsky's music.

For the 1932-33 season, R. was engaged as musical director in Brooklyn's Rolland Theatre, where he wrote the music to the operetta, "Dos lid fun yisroel (The Song of Israel)," by Louis Freiman, to H. Kalmanowitz's, "Ven ikh bin raykh! (If I Was Rich!)" (staged by Michal Michalesko), and in March 1933 to "A rusishe khasene (A Russian Wedding)," by William Siegel (staged through Michal Michalesko).

In 1934 in the Second Avenue Theatre there appeared Ossip Dymow's, "Ot loyft di kale," with Rumshinsky's music.

In 1935 there appeared Anshel Schorr's "Shir hashirim (Song of Songs)," as a film with Rumshinsky's music.

For the 1935-37 seasons Rumshinsky went over, together with Menasha Skulnik, to the Folks Theatre, and here there was staged for the first season L. Freiman's "Fishl der gerotener," and for the second season, on 17 September 1936, "Shlumiel," by H. Kalmanowitz; on 24 December 1936, L. Freiman's "Senor Hershl," and on 12 February 1937, "Dos galitsianer rebe'le (The Galician Rabbi)" by L. Freiman and Sh. Steinberg (everything was staged by Menasha Skulnik, with him in the main roles), music by Rumshinsky.

In the 1937-38 season both directors went over to the Second Avenue Theatre, where there were staged by Menasha Skulnik, "Yosl mit zayne vayber (Yosel and His Wives)," by Louis Freiman, and on 5 November 1937, "Freylekh in shtetl (Jolly Village)," a folk comedy by Isidore Friedman and Israel Rosenberg, with music by Rumshinsky.

For the 1937-38 season, Rumshinsky was the director of the Public Theatre, together with Ludwig Satz, who performed there on October 1937 in Gershom Bader's operetta, "Ikh benk aheym (Longing For Home)," and then Siegel's play, "Moshiakh kumt (The Messiah is Coming)."

For the 1938-39 season Rumshinsky was engaged as musical director in the National Theatre (director: Jacob Ben-Ami), where he wrote the music to I.J. Singer's "Khaver nakhman."

For the 1939-40 season Rumshinsky was engaged to the Folks Theatre (manager: Jacob Wexler), where there was staged (with Ola Lilith, Ludwig Satz and Edmund Zayenda), Abraham Blum's operetta, "Ven di zun gayt oyf (Sunrise)," with Rumshinsky's music.

Writing about the Chicago production of "Sunrise," Sh. Zamd put forth about Rumshinsky's music:

"In the sunny operetta, Rumshinsky He has twenty such sweet, melodic numbers. It's really hard to indicate with song (composition) is better. All of them are good, they enter into our hearts, into the soul, and all the members sing along. As an example, the songs are: 'Shoyn iz dos lebn,' 'Libe un glik,' 'Oy, s'iz a mekhaye (Oh, It is a Pleasure),' "S'vilt zikh shteln a khupe,' 'Ven di zun gayt oyf (Sunrise),' 'Er libt mikh yo, er libt mikh nit (He Loves Me, He Doesn't Love Me),' the counts' 'Vig-lid,' and the unhappy Moshe Golem's song of lament, 'Ver bin ikh? (Who Am I?).' "

For the 1940-41 season, R. was engaged to the Public Theatre (director: Herman Yablokoff), where he wrote the music to "Mayn vayse blum (My White Flower)," by Abraham Blum.

In the 1944-45 season Rumshinsky was engaged in the Second Avenue Theatre, where he wrote the music to Friedman's "A gute bashure (Good News)" (staged through Menasha Skulnik).

During the 1946-49 seasons Rumshinsky was the musical director for Maurice Schwartz's "Yiddish Art Theatre," and here he created the music to Peretz's "Dray matones (Three Gifts)," "Dr. Herzl," "Dos gezang fun Dnieper (The Song of the Dnieper)" by Zalman Shneour, Sholem Aleichem's "Blonjende shtern (Roaming Stars)," "Shylok un zayn tokhter (Shylock and His Daughter)," Gilner's "Dos kol fun yisroel (The Voice of Israel)," and "Hershele Ostropoler."

In 1949 Rumshinsky wrote music for Jacob Kalich's and Sholem Perlmutter's operetta, "Abi gezunt (As Long As You're Healthy)," which was played with Molly Picon in the Second Avenue Theatre, and to Sheine Rokhl Simkoff's play, "Favolye, tate! (Take It Easy!)" (with Molly Picon).

Rumshinsky in the most recent years was continuously engaged in the National Theatre, where he is strongly guarded through Irving Jacobson, one of the directors of the theatre.

In 1940 Rumshinsky compiled the greatest part of his earlier published articles in the "Forward," with a series of new articles, especially memories abut his theatre activity, and they were republished in the "Tog" under the name, "Epizodn fun mayn lebn (Episodes of My Life)," and in 1944 he published this work in a book, "Klangen fun may lebn (Sounds of My Life)" (832 pages), rich illustrations, which were assembled by Zalmen Zylbercweig.

According to Zalmen Zylbercweig, who was the "ghost" writer for many of the articles, Rumshinsky was able to conduct with his thoughts, make up his mind and form his thoughts and ideas as on notes. He used to dictate a sentence, or tell of an episode, or express an idea in a theoretical article, which "passed through and escaped" (as Rumshinsky used express himself), and Zylbercweig used to write it. Then, hearing  the written sentence, Rumshinsky often used to express "This is how everyone wants to write," and he used to tear up what was written and begin to dictate something new and different. Sometimes when he would hear read the written sentence or set with changes to his style and additions, he protested that it should be written exactly in the style in which he written it. On the claim that it is not professional, and thus not grammatical, his answer used to be, "This is what I really want, otherwise it will soon be recognized that I did not write it, but a professional writer." By dictating an article, it gave the impression that he writes a composition with a leit-motif with which the composition begins and ends. So sometimes he begins an article with a phrase, and definitely want to end this article with this phrase, or by spelling it out. When writing memoirs, especially about deceased artists, it was evident that quite often the truth and precision are brought to the altar of an effective expression or especially of an effective ending. One memory brought out a second and it sometimes looked like it was an endless story, so many experiences, so many episodes and so many wanting to describe it all.

Hillel Rogoff writes about the book:

" ... Rumshinsky is also a good observer and able narrator. He notices the uniqueness of people, that which divides the individual from the mass, and he knows how to formulate it in simple, clear words. ... The first part of the book takes place in Old Russia during the first twenty years of Rumshinsky's life. Rumshinsky leads us into a society where several worlds collide: the cantor, the Yiddish theatre, and the gentile circus and cabarets. ... From the images one gets an excellent idea of the condition of Yiddish theatre at that time, and a concept of the internal forces that kept it alive. The most interesting part of the book is found in the later sections, where it talks about America. ...  The American section of the book are less autobiographical and carry the character of historical and artistic essays.  ... Rumshinsky figures very much in the entire book. In the American section, however, he only figures as a composer, as a creator, like the rest of the artists, managers and personalities about whom he tells about. About his personal, intimate life, about his own experiences, he write less there. ... Even about his 'business experiences' in the theatre, Rumshinsky gives us very little. ... In general, notice that Rumshinsky wants to talk less about material, everyday things. For him, the book, like his musical creations, is not a matter for soul-raising. ... As you read this book, you will love the theatre more, and it will become dear to you. You see the actors in a magic light, and in you awakens a longing after those evenings when you saw the plays, and the actors about whom Rumshinsky tells you about."

And Jacob Mestel writes about the book:

" ... Most of the chapters of the book are published in the "Tog" and possess the character of an episodic  "coffee-conversation," with a certain "spirit," a pink lightness and humor. Included in the tablets of a book of over eight hundred pages, this "fluffiness" becomes bloated and loses even more weight. .. But not looking at this, the book possesses enough content -- partially even richness in form -- that it should interest the reader, especially those who are looking for a sniff of the atmosphere around the theatre and his behind-the-curtain's elements. ... He possesses the ability to give in several words the main characteristic of a human being. ... this book also gives us a certain amount of interesting words from the Yiddish theatre greats. ... performing/passing various phases of Yiddish and non-Yiddish theatre can tell you piquant behind-the-scenes stories. ... The chapters ... bring a piece, 'Kunst-hu-ha,' from the former 'East Side' in New York, with all the joy and tragedies of the theatre world of that 'golden epoch.' ... At times, the book is written lively, smooth, though primitive-narrative, and sometimes even amateurish. ... The theatre stories are interwoven with light humor but even more with simple behind the scenes- and coffeehouse jokes. But not looking at all the "hints about love," and even intrigues, they were written in a restrained way, with tact and often even with taste. Understand that it lacks not even the meager modesty of "I am the first" (as is usual in the memories of theatre people), but Rumshinsky is much more sincere, does not even keep quiet over his own weaknesses, and it almost never manifests itself in the rich role of an 'art-alrightnik.' ... Also through small episodes there are created character features, short, scarce remarks and words, a little bit of material that can serve as studies for biographies and monographs of known Yiddish stage artists."

I.L. Wohlman writes:

" ... This book, "Sounds From My Life," begins as an ordinary autobiography, but emerges as living encyclopedia of the Yiddish artist worlds over the span of the last two to three generations. It is a gallery of cantors and actors, circus riders and cantors' choirboys, theatre directors, Russian revolutionaries, dancers and singers of all kinds, Jews and non-Jews, with whom Rumshinsky's restless spirit and fluttering temperament brought him together in his frequent wanderings from place to place. They are all portrayed by him through finely drawn lines of their characters, habits and with a mixture of light episodes and humorous anecdotes."

In his book, "Sounds From My Life," the author touches on the problem of the originality of his compositions:

" ... As I have written popular music, that is, music that, as soon as one hears it, penetrates the thoughts of the listener, such music is already very easy, and it seems that you have already heard it. I used to listen to the comments on my music: 'It really is very good, but he takes, he borrows.' There were good friends who made attentive music publishers, and managers of Broadway theatres who really used to come down with musical detectives. In the many years of my career as a composer, I have not been to court for such things, that is, for using my music. I must add, however, that I greatly admired my fathers and especially my mothers. I have transferred many very heartfelt melodies to the people, with modern harmony and with great success. And to whomever thinks a music number has become popular, the sounds became more and more widespread."

As an example, Rumshinsky tells about one time, during the operetta, "Mazl tov," an actress sang to him a waltz with some German words, pretending that the music was loud. In order to reject the claim, Rumshinsky later reprinted the composition and later won the five hundred dollar prize in a contest for a composition in honor of the Statue of Liberty (Freedom Statue), sung by singer Belle Story [sp].

And regarding the subject for which he used to write his compositions, Rumshinsky tells:

" ... After I had already written for Boris Thomashefsky, and with Boris Thomashefsky, 'The Broken Violin,' 'Up Town and Down Town,' 'Mazl Tov,' 'Di lustike yidelekh (The Jolly Hebrews),' 'Di khazante,' -- all great operettas that are referred to in this world-repertoire "comic operas," because they are more like operettas and contain heavier, more serious music than operettas -- We decided that our next operetta should be built on folk melodies, which the people can and do remember. To the nations of the world this is not new: Richard Wagner, Carl von Weber, even Beethoven have used songs with folk melodies, but building an entire operetta on folk melodies in the Yiddish theatre was the first attempt, and we indeed gave the operetta the name of, "Di alte lidele (An Old-Fashioned Melody)." ... As the music of the operetta was a success, a pleasant one, with hits folk-motifs, romantic songs, arias, ensembles, which carried a folk character and had a folk appeal, such that the play was awkward. It did not stick word for word."

In general about the problem of subjects for his music, Rumshinsky writes:

"I have seldom ever had great luck with good, healthy subjects and fine content to my perfect music. I spent my whole life trying to come up with silly content and awkward prose with my music."

Chaim Ehrenreich tells:

" ... Rumshinsky's energy did not know of any measure. He wrote, planned, helped organizations, institutions, clearly events and rarely took money for his work. When Yeshiva University stood a little closer to the Yiddish street, Rumshinsky every winter, in the span of years, for them he directed large musical spectacles in the Waldorf Astoria and attracted distinguished Yiddish writers to assist in the literary part of the work.

... In recent years, when he had to see how the Yiddish theatre was shrinking, he suffered greatly. He suffered both because he loved the theatre with eternal love, and because he could not tolerate the idea that he should no longer have where and for whom to write. He was afraid to imagine his life without a theatre."

And about the latest three compositions that Rumshinsky published: (To Morris Bassin's "Dem Baal Shem-Tov's Zemerl,") and to the set of Tenakh, "Ko Omar Adonoy" and "Shirat L'Charmo," Rumshinsky writes in a letter to Chaim Ehrenreich:

"That the lyrics of the above songs, I mean the text of our prophets, is good, knowing all, and as far as my music for this [is concerned], we will rely on musicians and singers. Cantors and concert singers used to complain to me until now why I haven't written an important Yiddish song in a long time. It is indeed with the help of the publisher Henry Lefkowitz of the Metro Music Company, who helped me get my three songs published. True Yiddish melodies always accompany this Jew in body and in joy."

According to Zalmen Zylbercweig, when the Yiddish-Hebrew writer, I.L. Wohlman, had lived for several years in America, He had, as a theatre-writer and theatre-reviewer, become closely acquainted with Rumshinsky, and the result of his friendship was that Wohlman had written the opera, "Rut (Ruth)," and Rumshinsky composed the music for the opera and seriously prepared it to be performed. As the hopes that the opera might be performed in the Land of Israel, it turned out to be very weak. Rumshinsky said that he invested quite a handsome amount of money, orchestrating at his own expense the musical numbers for the opera and convened a meeting with community activists and musical personalities, for which he used to play on the piano a set from the opera, in order for them to win over the idea of performing the opera in America. He even decided on his own to travel to Israel and try his luck with the opera. It is for this purpose, that at the end of 1951 there occurred a great, departure concert in New York, but nothing became of the journey. At first in December 1952, when Zylbercweig was a guest in the State of Israel, he made an announcement in a newspaper that the Israel radio [station], "Kol Yisrael," in Jerusalem  had played several excerpts of the opera. When he brought knowledge of this to Rumshinsky, there was no limit to his joy; but at the same time he could not calm down again because his greatest work -- as he called it -- was not expressed on stage.

About the opera, Chaim Ehrenreich also writes:

" ... He always dreamed that he would succeed in visiting the State of Israel and seeing his Hebrew work performed there. He even planned to bring in two or three acclaimed singers for the lead roles."

From Rumshinsky's compositions there are very many that were published through the various Yiddish music publishing houses and have had a great departure among the Yiddish theatregoers and general people. Many of his compositions are recorded by the actor and singer Menasha Skulnik, Molly Picon, Samuel Goldinburg, Meyer Steinwortzel, the Barry Sisters, Seymour Rechtzeit, Sidor Belarsky, Ben Bonus, Lucy Levin, Chaim Tauber et al.

"Two of the motifs are in the Soviet Union -- writes Wolf Mercur -- published, with new words in a collection of folksongs." Rumshinsky often used to express to Zalmen Zylbercweig, that his greatest joy is that his composition, 'Uitn lkh,' be published without his name, as a folk song.

Rumshinsky, in the last years of his life particularly devoted himself to performing with orchestras for the large, Yiddish holiday concert for societal institutions, and on Passover in the Mountains, in the opru-places. He excelled in arranging "pageants," so that there really was no great Jewish undertaking in which Rumshinsky would not participate in the program. He also devoted himself to orchestrating and directing with the orchestras to the prayers of Cantor Moshe Kussevitsky, which became recorded.

His last creations were compositions to "Ko Omar Adonoy," "Shirat L'Charmo,"" and "Dem basherts nigun," which were published and were also recorded by Sidor Belarsky, Ben Bonus and Chaim Tauber.

On 6 February 1956, Rumshinsky, after a short illness, in New York, was brought to his eternal rest in the cemetery plot of the Yiddish Theatrical Alliance.

Rumshinsky was survived by his second wife, Frieda Lakser, his daughter Betty, and his son, Murray, from his first wife Sabina Lakser.

Rumshinsky was very active in the Society of Jewish Composers, and especially in the committee of the "Lexicon of the Yiddish Theatre," where for a time he was president.

Thousands of Jews came to his funeral, Cantor Moshe Kussevitsky with a chorus of cantors under the direction of Abe Nadel, sang. And eulogies were made by Irving Grossman, Herman Yablokoff, Jacob Kalich, Chaim Ehrenreich, Gustav Berger, Maurice Schwartz, Cantor Zundl Eskovich, and Sholom Secunda.

In his obituary from the "Forward," it was said:

" ... His music is sung wherever the Yiddish word is present, and many of the theatre songs that the deceased has composed, are included in the treasure of Yiddish folk music and are pearls of Yiddish melodies. They will be sung as long as Yiddish is heard throughout the world. ... Rumshinsky generally had a light pen, not only for music, but also concerning the written word. There are [many of his] articles about music and Yiddish theatre, which have for many years been published in the 'Forward,' which were read with great interest, because he always has something to say. He was personally acquainted with the greatest Yiddish and non-Yiddish musicians of our generation."

The historian of Yiddish theatre, B. Gorin, writes:

" ... In the music of the operetta there was also a change. Usually the music was taken and composed in such a way that the eyes did not tear with its strangeness. Still with him came an aspiration to create his own music, and thanks to this, we have had more Yiddish music and operettas in recent years. "

Chaim Ehrenreich observed:

" ... Until the very end he dreamed of theatre offerings. He often spoke to me about a Yiddish "revue," artistic, fine, that might be both Yiddish, modern. Once, over a glass of coffee, he spoke a lot about such a musical-artistic small arts theatre, acidly smiled and responded: 'I know that you think -- that nothing will become of this. I am afraid that you are also right' ... and crying for a while, he added: 'But there is no burning, dear friends, let us at least speak of burning' -- He continued to cry and then with a type of sadness said: 'What will be? It's not good after all ... Will it ever perish like this? We need to do something ...'

Ehrenreich tells that when they were at the cemetery plot of the [Yiddish] Theatrical Alliance and observed that on the gravestone of the composer Alexander Olshanetsky there was not one Yiddish word, Rumshinsky murmured: "When I will be lying here, my friends, you should know that a piece of Yiddish theatre will lie here, remember, Yiddish."

Maurice Schwartz writes:

" ... His aphorisms and equivalence were clever and shrewd. In the greater despair, he always found the necessary equivalent of what he and the actors should be able to laugh at. He also was, by nature, a bohemian and a sport, he was not small in his dealings with men. When someone needed help, he was the first to put his hand in his pocket, and when it came to giving free concerts, arranging benefit productions for poor actors, or theatre unions, he never had any spare time. He rewrote, orchestrated, conducted and still raised a fortune when needed.

... Rumshinsky was always a Hasid of the Art Theatre. And when he was invited to be the musical director of the Art Theatre, he felt very happy."

N. Buchwald characterizes Rumshinsky:

" ... As a theatre composer, Joseph Rumshinsky embodied everything that was good, and everything that was bad in this commercial Yiddish theatre. He had a long and successful theatre career, if one would measure the success in his career from such operettas as "The Rabbi's Melody," "The Golden Bride," "The Broken Violin," or "Tsipke," "Mamele," and "Molly Dolly." ... His career must have been a success, when one would measure it with his theatrical songs, which were composed by the Jewish masses and ingrained in the Jewish way of life: "I Pray For Home," "Yosl, Yosl," "Sheyn vi di levone (As Beautiful As the Moon)," and others. but ... as a musician, he knew ... but as a musician, he knew ... that he was not a leader and not a builder of the Yiddish theatre, but only a facilitator and companion ... that suited the needs of the entrepreneurs.

For a certain time, in the late twenties, Joseph Rumshinsky found a certain measure of satisfaction in the fresh talent of Molly Picon ... He also revived musically in the couple of years that he was associated with the Yiddish Art Theatre and created music for, "Hershele Ostropoler," "Three Gifts," and "Roaming Stars." But in the years that the Yiddish operetta -- like the Yiddish theatre in general --took a hurried step downhill, Joseph Rumshinsky followed. Although he was in love with Yiddish melodies and contributed greatly to the integration of Yiddish folk songs in the operetta, he nevertheless helped to transfer the Yiddish operetta on new rails from the Broadway 'musical comedy.'  ... It was with love and life that he dedicated himself to the theatre profession and wanted to save the Yiddish theatre from its downhill descent. Much of Rumshinsky's work has been motivated by the urge to save the Yiddish stage and regain the former Yiddish audience. ... In general, it was good for Rumshinsky to enjoy himself ... because as a 'kibitzer,' he was excellent. His soapy theatre anecdotes -- true and imagined -- were irreplaceable. He alone was the embodiment of Yiddish theatre 'business,' and he never laughed at himself with a bitter laugh at the practices of Yiddish theatre."

M. Yardeni writes:

" ... Rumshinsky the innovator and reformer of the Yiddish theatre operetta in America, who introduced many novelties, new about the methods, tendencies, moods, features and lines, effects and manifestations, had the Yiddish operetta of the Yiddish theatre in America added so much grace, color and paint , playability and musical excellence. ... Rumshinsky knows well that the soul of the instrument, as well as the rare warmth of the human voice. From this synthesis, sources emerged in all of Rumshinsky's creations -- both his song numbers, which number in the hundreds of theatre songs, as well as his overtures and orchestrations for the tens of operettas that he has created in the span of a half-century."

The well-known musicologist Israel Rabinowitz writes:

" ... Over a half-century Rumshinsky created pleasure for millions of  Jewish people with his music, which he had written for various operettas for the Yiddish theatre. ... Rumshinsky's music was of the popular sort. His music was not original all the time. Given the task of providing music to order, he had to work fast, and here there could rarely be a word of genuine inspiration. But the positive thing about him was his deep responsibility to Yiddish folk music and especially in the Jewish synagogue singing. A former chorister in the synagogue chorals of his birth city of Vilna, he simply was soaked in Yiddish synagogal singing, and in all special wrinkles and folds of the Yiddish folk melodies. From this source he composed many of the melodies in his innumerable operettas. This does not mean that he wrote folk melodies, as is. Usually he created his own melodies in a genuine, Yiddish folk style, although he did not refrain from copying foreign patterns if he felt that there was something in it that would appeal to the Jewish people.

He was a great professional in his field. A good harmonizer with a special desire for dramatic elements and musical spectacle. He also knows well the work of orchestration and has always intended to have a diverse orchestral ensemble in the offering of his operettas. He also was an outstanding conductor. ... He also was the conductor of the Cantors Association in America. ... The concerts had stimulated him to create a number of choral compositions in a religious style, which belong to his best creations. Mainly what excelled were his [biblical] cantata and text for "Az Yashir," which is dramatic in character. In addition, he was attracted to the theatrical genre in everything he did. ... He could have been much more nuanced if he had not been wasting his creative energy on 'Khai sheh.'

And Jacob Mestel writes:

" ... Rumshinsky said that he used to persevere with the 'upper echelons' of his soloists (so that they could be heard at least a little over the 'fortissimo' of his orchestra), until they completely lost their voice. ... For Rumshinsky, the orchestra played the most important role. He used to engage with the theatre patrons, more about a good musician, rather than about his own gaze. Through effects from his orchestra, he was trying to cast a spell on the strongest emotions of the listener. While conducting, he used to look more at the audience than at his singers on stage. ... Rumshinsky was among the number of theatre musicians whose longs used to be sung by folks, almost like Abraham Goldfaden's. ... Making a hit with the audience was his best reward. And he achieved this only through his Yiddish folk music. ... He took from the people and brought it back to the people. Therefore, he may not have been very successful in his attempts to imitate the Broadway jazz style. His medium was still Yiddish music.

... In his accompanying music to 'literary' spectacles (Peretz's 'Three Gifts,' Sholem Aleichem's 'Roaming Stars' and 'Yosele the Nightingale,' M. Livshitz-Schwartz's 'Hershele Ostropoler,' et al, in the Art Theatre), he sought to be 'broadly worldly' with his 'forms.' He never achieved the pathos of Joseph Achron. ... But he gave swing and rhythm to the productions. He succeeded through the 'singability' of his melodies, which he understood with his industrious patience to branch out on ensemble.

" ... In Ramach Avarim a theatrical man, he also served the theatre with his keen sense of the stage. People were happy to listen to Rumshinsky's opinion when reading a play and accepting his advice during stage performances. At the same time, he himself has always been artistically disciplined and has demanded it of others. ... As an honorary member of the Yiddish Actors' Union, a board member in the 'Yiddish Theatrical Alliance,' and Vice-President of the 'Theatre Lexicon' Committee, Rumshinsky is also societally active. Tens of thousands of charities stood under his baton, and thousands of strikers were encouraged at his concerts, under his leadership. ... He spent a lot of time with theatre people. He was always friendly, but he could get upset when someone dared to push him to the limit, especially when his artistic ambition was touched. ... I often find him amazed at concerts, filled with admiration for fine music and great artists."

Sholem Perlmutter:

" ... He counts very much on the understanding of the masses. ... His music is cheerful, sunny, joyful. He also includes in his compositions the rich spring of folk melodies and has strongly developed and extended his orchestrations of every folk melody any hidden possibilities, until the melody Until the melody got a rich expression and the melody became a whole, a perfect one. His great virtue also lies in the fact that he knows all the instruments thoroughly and knows their special qualities and possibilities. That's why his orchestration is always so pleasing to the ear. He also has, thanks to his extensive knowledge of musical literature, freed Yiddish music from its outdated rules and broke all the traditions that hindered its development. ... Leadership and discipline is the duty of every conductor, but Rumshinsky's discipline is incomparable to this, that he is the 'dictator,' not only over the orchestra, but over the entire operetta. Everything must stand to his command, according to his request. The greatest rigor and discipline prevail in his tests, as in his conception. ... For a new offering he works day and night. For him there is no fatigue, but reproach -- He then forgets himself and goes off into worlds of his imagination."

And the composer Sholom Secunda appreciates Rumshinsky's significance as a composer:

" ... Rumshinsky is not a composer who only made for himself a well-worn path -- he created a way for himself and created a path for [other] composers, who had followed him into the theatre. ... Rumshinsky brought into the operetta a new spirit, a worldly spirit. He introduced a musical atmosphere that exalted the operetta to a sphere of worldly scope. ... With Rumshinsky's first, great operetta, 'The Broken Violin,' the composer was placed on a pedestal to which he had long been eligible. ... For the first time, the Yiddish theatre audience became acquainted with the concept of mixing different colors by combining the sounds of instruments. He didn't just create a new style in music, but he also created a demand for first-class musicians in an orchestra, who over time were drawn to the Yiddish theatre. He created a demand for cursed (geshulte) singers, and our Yiddish actors and actresses had begun to learn how to sing, and it drew musical people to the Yiddish stage. He created a demand for genuine dances, for ballet dance, and for professional choreography to give content to the dance. ... For each operetta he created popular songs that penetrated deep into the hearts of the theatre audience. In the span of the fifty fruitful and productive years, his songs were sung for the big and small, young and old, not only in America, where the songs were born, but in every corner of the earth where Jewish life and the desire for Yiddish breathes. ... When the future historians will note the most important events of our Jewish lives, from our Yiddish theatre music, and of the entire Yiddish theatre, he will be forever marked, together with Abraham Goldfaden, the father of the Yiddish theatre, Jacob Gordin, the founder of the Yiddish drama, also the name of Joseph Rumshinsky, as the builder of the modern Yiddish operetta."


M.E.

  • B. Gorin -- "History of Yiddish Theatre," N.Y., 1923, Vol. II, p. 251.

  • [--] -- Yakres oyf yoysher in der idisher teater-velt, "Di varhayt," N.Y., 18 August 1909.

  • [--] -- Ershter leson far teater yunions, dort, 11 Sept. 1909.

  • Ab. Cahan -- Di naye operete in thomashevski's teater, "Forward," N.Y., 20 Oct. 1916.

  • D.B. (Sh. Yanovski) -- In teater, "Fraye arbeter shtime," N.Y., 21 Oct. 1916.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- Yozef Rumshinsky entfert ab. kahan'en, "Forward," N.Y., 29 Nov. 1916.

  • Sonina -- Tomashevski-Rumshinsky's "mazl tov," "Di varhayt," N.Y., 1 Oct. 1917.

  • Israel the Yankee -- Di khazante, "Yidishe tageblat," N.Y., 1 February 1918.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- "Dem rebins nigun" -- a naye operete in sekond evenyu teater, dort, 8 October, 1919.

  • Der kritiker -- In der teater velt, "Gerchtigkayt," N.Y., N'44, 1919.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- Dos "alte lidele" in thomashefsky's neshonal teater, "Forward," N.Y., 28 February 1919.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- "Dem rebin's nigun" -- a naye operete in sekond evenyu theater, dort, 8 Oct. 1919.

  • Der kritiker -- In der teater velt, "Gerekhtikayt," N.Y., N' 44, 1919.

  • Leon Wiesenfeld -- Dos idishe theater in eyropa un in amerike, "Forward," N.Y., 26 August 1921.

  • Ab. Cahan -- "Der rebe hot geheysen frelikh zayn, " dort, 11 January 1922.

  • Ab. Cahan -- "Shulamis shtet oyf fun keyver," "Forward," N.Y., 25 June 1923.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- Mayne erfarungen mit khazanim, "Di geshikhte fun khazanus," N.Y., 1924, pp. 64-68.

  • L. Kristol -- Der goldener fodim fun idishen teater, "Fraye arbeter shtime," N.Y., 21 Nov. 1924.

  • B.Y. Goldstein -- Rumshinsky's opereta un libin's komedye, "Tog," N.Y., 27 February 1925.

  • Jacob Kirschenbaum -- Yozef Rumshinsky, der idisher frantz le har, "Di idisher velt," Cleveland, 13 April 1925.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- "Moli doli," rumshinsky's naye operete, "Forward," N.Y., 6 Nov. 1925.

  • A theater reporter -- Yozef rumshinsky dertselt di geshikhte fun "dem rebin's nigun," "Forward,"  9 April 1926.

  • Ch. Ehreinreich -- Yozef rumshinsky git interesante erinerungen vegen idishen teater amol un itster, dort, 25 June 1926.

  • B. Botwinick -- Osherowitch's "tsarevitsh piodor" in rumshinsky's muzikalishe hent un in mali pikon's opereten shpilerey, "Der veker," N.Y., 14 May 1927.

  • A. Frumkin -- Idish teater muz zayn up-tu-dayt, zogt rumshinsky, "Morning Journal," N.Y., 18 Nov. 1927.

  • Ab. Cahan -- Di naye operete in dem sekond evenyu teater, "Forward," N.Y., 31 January 1928.

  • A. Frumkin -- Yozef rumshinsky's shvere tsaytn baym idishen teater, "Morning Journal," N.Y., 4 April 1928.

  • Ch. Ehrenreich -- A geshprekh mit yozef rumshinsky gegen dem kumendigen teater-sizon, "Forward," N.Y., 9 August 1928.

  • Ab. Cahan -- Di naye operete in sekond evenyu teater, dort, 4 Oct. 1928.

  • Zalmen Zylbercweig -- Der kenig fun der yudisher opeete in amerike -- a gevezener dirigent fun lodzer "hazamir," "Lodz Tagenblat," Lodz, 28 Dec. 1928, 11, 18, 25 January 1929.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- Fun beburt a vilner, fun hartsen a dvinsker, "Der dvinsker," N.Y., June 1929, pp. 69-70.

  • [--] -- Rumshinsky un mali pikon farlozen dem sekond evenyu teater, "Forward," N.Y., 6 June 1930.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- Rumshinsky's naye operete "dos meydl fun amol," "Forward," N.Y., 3 July 1930.

  • William Edlin -- "Dos meydl fun amol" -- in mali pikon's folks teater, "Tog," N.Y., 7 October 1930.

  • D. Kaplan -- Rumshinsky's gerotene operete "dos tsigayner meydl" in newark, "Forward," N.Y., 17 Oct. 1930.

  • Ts.H. Rubinstein -- Khazanim kontsert a gryser kinstlerisher erfolg, "Tog," N.Y., 2 February 1931.

  • B. Orshansky -- "Teater-shlakhtn," 1931, pp. 165-66, 176, 189, 200.

  • Jacob Rapoport -- Khazanim feyern dem yubl fun zayere a balibten kompozitor, "Tog," N.Y., 27 March 1931.

  • Ch. Ehrenreich -- Yozef rumshinsky -- a por charakter shtrikhen," "Forward," N.Y. 3 April 1931.

  • "Rumshinsky-bukh," New York, 9 April 1931, published in honor of his fiftieth birthday, edited by M. Osherowitch, Ts.H. Rubisntein, Z. Zylbercweig, William Edlin, Ch. Ehrenreich, J. Kirschenbaum, secretary of the Editorial Collegium: Sh. Perlmutter, 128 pp.

  • Anshel Schorr -- Dr fuftsig yeriger yubileum fun yozef rumshinsky, "Di idishe velt," Philadelphia, 17 April 1931.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- A vort fun yozef rumshinsky fegen zayn yom tov, "Der tog," N.Y., 21 April 1931.

  • Israeli -- "Ganev'she libe," "Keneder adler," Montreal, 1 May 1931.

  • Ch. Ehrenreich -- Farvos Rumshinsky hot zikh opgeteylt fun mali pikon un jacob kalich, "Forward," N.Y., 12 May 1931.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- Mayne akht yohr mit mali pikon un jacob kalich, dort, 12 May 1931.

  • B.Y. Goldstein -- Yosef rumshinsky iz shoyn a fuftsik yoriker, "Fraye arbeter shtime," N.Y., 26 June 1931.

  • N.B. Linder -- Rumshinsky zogt tsu oyf dem kumendigen idishen teater sezon gants naye zaKhen, "Tog," N.Y., 26 July 1931.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- Ola lilit -- di naye operetn star oyf sekond evenyu, "Forward," N.Y., 18 Sept. 1931.

  • Ray Raskin -- Dos meydl fun varshe, "Unzer folk," N.Y., 23 Sept. 1931.

  • William Edlin -- Idish teater -- un idish oyf der evenyu, "Tog," 25 Sept. 1931.

  • Alef-Alef (Efrim Auerbach) -- Ola lilit in an operete, "Morning Journal," N.Y., 25 Sept. 1931.

  • Dr. Alexander Mukdoni -- Berishe tubut, "Fraye arbeter shtime," N.Y.,  23 Oct. 1931.

  • B.Y. Goldstein -- Trakht zikh areyn in dem, "Fraye arbeter shtime," N.Y., 30 Oct. 1931.

  • M. Osherowitch -- Ola lilit -- "dos meydl fun varshe," "Der veker," N.Y., 31 Oct. 1931.

  • William Edlin -- Di 2 naye opereten oyf der idisher bine, "Der tog," N.Y., 1 January 1932.

  • Chaim Ehrenreich -- Riziger eulm pakt on sekond evenyu teater, "Forward," N.Y., 31 August 1932.

  • L. Fogelman -- Naye piese in roland teater, "Forward," N.Y., 14 October 1932.

  • N.B. Linder -- Dos lid fun yisroel, "Tog," N.Y., 14 October 1932.

  • L. Fogelman -- "A rusishe khasene" in roland teater, "Forward," N.Y., 24 March 1933.

  • Zalmen Zylbercweig -- "Teater-figurn," Buenos Aires, 1936, pp. 64-72.

  • S. Regensberg -- Menasha skulnik un ola lilit in rumshinsky's "fishel der gerotener," "Di idishe velt," Philadelphia, 6 May 1936.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- Rumshinsky's naye operete in folks teater, "Forward," N.Y., 1 January 1937.

  • N. Buchwald -- An operete un a "revue," "Morgn frayhayt," N.Y., 8 January 1937.

  • William Edlin -- "Ikh benk aheym" -- di naye operete in zats's folks teater, "Tog," N.Y., 13 Oct. 1937.

  • Moshe Shemash -- In di idishe teaters, "Di idishe beker shtime," N.Y., N' 4, 1937.

  • L. Fogelman -- "Dos galitsianer rebe'le" -- a ekht-idishe operete in folks teater, "Forward," N.Y., 26 February 1937.

  • Gershom Bader -- Di kariere fun "dem begin's nigun," "Di idishe velt," Philadelphia, 28 July 1939.

  • Sh. Zamd -- Ludwig zats un tsili adler in a nayer operete, "Forward," Chicago, 2 May 1941.

  • J. Kirschenbaum -- Di kompozitors fun unzere idishe teaters in nyu york, "Moz"sh," N.Y., 17 August 1942.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- "Klangen fun mayn lebn," New York, 1944, 832 pp.

  • Hillel Rogoff -- Yosef rumshinsky un zayn bukh "klangen fun mayn lebn," "Idishe kultur," N.Y., N' 1, 1945.

  • I.L. Wohlman -- Yosef rumshinsky un zayn bukh "klangen fun mayn lebn," "Keneder odler," Montreal, 15 November 1944.

  • Jacob Mestel -- Yosef rumshinsky's "klangen fun mayn lebn," "Yidishe kultur," N.Y., N' 1, 1945.

  • M. Yardeni -- Rumshinsky's idish-nuskhdige muzik tsu peretz's "dray matones" in idishn kunst teater, "Keneder odler," Montreal, 28 December 1945.

  • N. Buchwald -- Dos gezang fun dnieper in "Idishn kunst teater," "YIdishe kultur," N.Y., December 1946.

  • Wolf Mercur -- "Merkuryozn," Philadelphia, 1948, pp. 144-48.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- Dos folk vet zingen -- es felt bloyz oys der der nigun, "Forward," N.Y., 7 January 1949.

  • Moshe Schorr -- Dray muziker baym idishn teater, "Der tog," N.Y., 18 February 1949.

  • Boaz Young -- "Mayn lebn in teater," N.Y., 1950, pp. 214, 344.

  • M. Yardeni -- In der velt fun khazanus, shul un templen, "Forward," N.Y., 8 June 1951.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- A brif mit hartsveytog fun yosef rumshinsky, "Forward," N.Y., 28 Nov. 1952.

  • Joseph Rumshinsky -- Yosef rumshinsky dertselt vegn 50 yor idishe teater (series, published mondays and thursdays), "Forward," N.Y., 1 Dec. 1952.

  • Sholem Perlmutter -- "Idishe dramaturgn un teater-kompozitorn," New York, 1952, pp. 315-16, 350-51, 353-59.

  • Meyer Sigalovski -- A briv in redaktsye, "Yidishe kultur," N.Y., N' 2, 1953.

  • M. Yardeni -- Interviews mit idishe teatraln, "New York Weekly," N.Y., 31 August 1955.

  • Jacob Mestel -- Yosef rumshinsky, "Idishe kultur," N. Y., N' 3, 1956.

  • [--] -- Yosef rumshinsky, "Forward," N.Y., 7 February 1956.

  • Dr. N. Swerdlin -- Yosef rumshinsky, geshtorben, di  levaye donerstag, baytog, "Daily Morning Journal," N. Y., 7 February 1956.

  • I.R. (Rabinowitz) -- Gut morgen, "Keneder odler," Montreal, 9 February 1956.

  • Maurice Schwartz -- Yosef rumshinsky, "Forward," 9 February 1956.

  • [--] -- Groyser eulm kumt opgegebn letster kavod yosef rumshinsky, "Forward," 10 February 1956.

  • Sholom Secunda -- Yosef rumshinsky iz geven der shafer fun idisher moderner operete, "Forward," N.Y., 11 February 1956.

  • N. Buchwald -- Yosef rumshinsky -- muziker un teater-mentsh, "Morgn frayhayt," N.Y., 14 February 1956.

  • Ab. Hershkowitz -- Vos yosef rumshinsky hot mire amol dertselt, "Forward," N.Y., 17 February 1956.

  • A varshever -- Yosef rumshinsky, "Daily Morning Journal," N.Y., 26 Dec. 1957.

 



 


 

 

 

My thanks to Hershl Hartman for his assistance to this translation.




 
















 


 

Copyright ©  Museum of the Yiddish Theatre.  All rights reserved.